Dissertation
in Zusammenarbeit zwischen der Hochschule Pforzheim und der Hochschule in Ossijek (Kroatien). Cultural influences on human capital and its effects on the economic long-term growth An analysis of the influence of cultural institutions on the long time turnover of infantile care systems and economic growth in France and Scandinavian countries, based on the study of James Heckman and the Perry Preschool Project, to reveal how cultural institutions, values and history determine the long term profit of educational investments and which consequences that has on economic growth in societies. Übersicht: Erstkorrektor: Prof. Dr. Dirk Wentzel (Hochschule Pforzheim) Josip Juraj Strossmayer Universität Ossijek: Die Josip Juraj Strossmayer Universität wurde im Jahr 1975 in Osijek gegründet, begründet ihre Herkunft aber bis in die Jahre 1707 und 1724 zurück. Die Strossmayer Universität hat neun Studienrichtungen aus dem Bereich der Geistes-, Sozial-, und Naturwissenschaften. Außerdem bieten die Universitäten in Osijek neben den Bachelor- und Masterabschlüssen, vier Abteilungen und der Akademie der Künste zahlreiche postgraduale Weiterbildungs-möglichkeiten an. Die Universität hat insgesamt 20.000 Studenten. Die Fakultät für Wirtschaft wurde 1961 gegründet Mehr Informationen unter: http://www.efos.hr » Hochschule Pforzheim: Die Hochschule Pforzheim, deren Geschichte bis in das Jahr 1877 zurückreicht, ist eine Fachhochschule in Baden-Württemberg und besteht aus den Fakultäten Gestaltung, Technik, Wirtschaft und Recht. Sie belegt in zahlreichen Hochschulrankings u. a. von Wirtschaftswoche, Spiegel, Focus und Zeit regelmäßig Spitzenplätze unter deutschen Hochschulen. Zur Zeit hat sie ca. 4500 Studierende und bietet 20 Bachelor- sowie 13 Masterstudiengänge. Mehr Informationen unter: http://www.hs-pforzheim.de » Einleitung: The intensity and duration of economic growth over the past 200 years are unprecedented and have even accelerated during the past 30 years. However, some regions in the world have developed very different from others considering the fact that many of them had effectively similar endowments. Moreover even countries with relative advantages, such as natural commodities or higher incomes from development aid, were not able to turn them into empirically and visible economic effects, meanwhile other regions with almost no noteworthy stock of prime materials became rising economic centres. It turns out that there are invisible frameworks in societies which determine how capital endowment and investments will be converted in the economic process and leads to different long-term developments between countries and regions. This gap cannot be explained sufficiently with the predominant economic theories (Leipold, 2006), e.g. analysis’ based on sufficient credit supply (Schumpeter, 1911) or technological factor (Solow, 1956). The invisible framework which influences economic processes in societies is culture. Culture consists of institutions, values and norms a society has established, formed and changed over time. However, culture is more than just the amount of institutions (Leipold, 2006). It is influenced by historical experiences, circumstances, values and also natural equipment (Diamond, 1997). The institutions in cultures take transaction cost (Richter/ Furubotn, 1996) and have been experienced paths, which cannot be left and are ideally determined (North, 1990). Behaviour of people may be mainly determined by personal interest and not ideas (Weber, 1920), however the concrete institutional solutions (the common rules in societies), e.g. after deep changes in the material conditions are based on ideas and values (Leipold, 2006). A society needs to establish common rules to lower transaction cost, because common rules support trust between people and create reliable expectations regarding the people’s behaviour (Ostrom, 1986 and Kiwit and Voigt, 1995). Culture has therefore a significant influence on the economy (“culture and history matters”). Wößmann (2009) has explained that in a study on the example of the economic success Protestant countries have had in the past: The obligation of Protestants to read and quote the bible with intensive studies of the Holy book has led to a higher literacy among Protestants, which was useful in the economic process. Religion is one influence factor on cultural institutions, which affects the equipment of the human capital and leads to higher growth rates. Education economics analyses the role of education in economic processes, including the demand for education and the financing and provision of education. Human capital is the analysis object of educational economics and its earnings over time. Educational economics studies have shown that countries with high graduation rates have grown faster than countries without. Many important contributions to educational economics came from studies from Gary Weber, Ludger Woessman and James Heckman.
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